Vulnerable Population Homeless Mothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Helpless Population Homeless Mothers - Essay Example As a result of mental issue, destitute moms are at expanded hindrance as they are more averse to use open help assets, are irritated from family and other encouraging groups of people, have expanded paces of detainment, and experience lopsided medical issues. At the same time, mental clutters among destitute moms related to history of youth sexual maltreatment, the experience of grown-up accomplice brutality, and a PTSD conclusion make this populace bunch being amazingly helpless against substance misuse. With the distinguishing proof of two wellbeing related issues of destitute moms, this paper investigations these issues from the general wellbeing point of view and from the viewpoint of national Healthy People 2010 program. Paper demonstrates different intercession programs just as national supporting procedures planning to help destitute moms and increment their personal satisfaction and wellbeing. Today, vagrancy is all over the place and has various appearances. Social endeavors tending to vagrancy extend from help to restoration with associations expecting to offer help administrations to improve the personal satisfaction of destitute people, offer types of assistance that change the course of vagrancy bringing about independence and long haul autonomous living, or are determined to closure vagrancy inside and out (US Interagency Council on Homelessness, 2008). From the reasonable point of view, it is extremely hard to create generalizable factual data with respect to the predominance and segment qualities of vagrancy. Basically, the best way to appraise the quantity of destitute people is to make a cross-sectional evaluation in a particular area during a particular timeframe. In this manner data about who is destitute fluctuates relying upon the long stretch of evaluation, the geographic area surveyed, and member enlistment and information assortment systems (Burt, 2001). I n any case, it is realized that families establish a prevailing social gathering found among the briefly destitute. Near a large portion of a million families are assessed to be destitute every year making up roughly 33% of the destitute populace (HUD, 2007). Most by far of these families are African American or other minority gathering (Whaley, 2002). Most by far of destitute families incorporate a 20+ years old single parent with kids normally more youthful than six years old (HUD, 2007; Weinreb et al, 2006). Pushcart and Zimmer (1999) allude to this as the feminization of neediness (p. 51) which is intelligent of gendered incongruities in work, instruction, and family duties. The ladies who get themselves destitute regularly have exhausted their last help, be it a relative, a companion, or a money related asset (Rog and Buckner, 2007). Concentrating on destitute moms isn't an excusal of the predicament of destitute single parents; in any case, the level of fathers bringing youngsters up in covers, transitional offices, in the city, or other nonconventional lodging circumstance is strikingly lower than that of destitute moms (16% dad headed destitute families versus 84% mother-headed (HUD, 2007; Schindler and Coley, 2007)). Consequently, while the encounters and needs of destitute dads are significant, by far most of families enc ountering vagrancy are going by single parents, along these lines destitute moms' medical problems, challenges and instructive procedures

Research Operations of Banyan Tree Hotels-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Your first significant undertaking is to give an exhaustive yet succinct composed examination of how Banyan can utilize OR build up its Dynamic Capabilitiesgiven the business based contemplations (both in Thailand and India) in making the most of the business openings in the cordiality lodging industry in India. 2.Draw on our applicable points to clarify the focal points and impediments of your suggested methodology as a method of Banyans vital endeavors to oversee contrasts in its worldwide or global markets, for example, India. Answers: 1.Dynamic Capabilities model Lin Wu, (2014) expressed in their examination that dynamic capacities model arrangements with three unique parts of changing, seizing and detecting. As indicated by this examination dynamic abilities have an effect over the exhibitions and of this exploration model. This model is utilized in the event of Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts so as to feature the ability in the lodging business. Figure 1: Dynamic Capabilities model (Source: Author made) Institutional condition Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts is one of the main organizations in the inn business. The Thai neighborliness area has stirred 42.5 billion USD in 2015. It is a 18 percent expansion from the earlier year. The cordiality division got about 29.9 million voyagers in the nation in the year 2015. It is likewise one of the busiest aeronautics businesses in the mainland. It gives offices of preparing to its workers and has upheld the natural reason by great waste administration, ecological products the board and assurance of the trees. The representatives are furnished with quarters and fundamental convenience offices for the workers. Full scale level elements The full scale level components are social turns of events, mechanical offices, monetary turns of events, natural divisions and political turns of events. Political turn of events Politically Thailand has been empowering the travel industry for a long while now. The foundation of Banyan Tree Maldives Marine Laboratory is one such model. It has utilized numerous drivers from the nearby network to better the financial circumstance in the nation (Euromonitor International, 2016). Ecological turns of events The organization set up The green Imperative Fund by giving 2 USD for each room which has been reserved to support a few poor networks and ecological causes (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). Social condition There are principally two sorts of preparing programs in the association. Right off the bat, it is given to the basic workers. This preparation depends on essential parts of inn administrations as indicated by the control of the organization while the second kind of preparing is led in teh spa institute for the representatives who work in spa (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). Innovative Development The organization uses innovation to limit the evil impacts on nature. It has embraced systems to limit deforestation and soil disintegration. The poisonous beauty care products and toiletries like shampoos, cleansers, shower froth, hair conditioners and others are supplanted with the non harmful and reusable celadon or clay (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). The waste water is likewise appropriately reused so as to re-use it. Financial turns of events The Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts comprise of 25 lodgings and resorts, 65 retail exhibitions and 68 spas. It additionally claims two fairways. It has enrolled its quality in 55 unique areas and 23 distinct nations (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). This data is sufficient to comprehend the loftiness of Banyan. The head quarters of the brand is arranged in Thailand. The association climbed in the class of lavish lodgings in 2008. Outer motivations Banyan Tree has an organization arrangement to prepare each worker about the necessities in a five star inn as indicated by his job. It trains representatives with different administrations, which each worker requires to learn so as to continue in the calling for long. They are given acceptable day to day environments and cooled transports for making a trip starting with one spot then onto the next. The clinical offices, youngster care offices, flasks and others are given merchandise like coolers, phones, TVs, restrooms and others which are valuable for the works (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). Innovative work The organization has been preparing representatives to enroll in its spa. The organization has additionally found a way to improve in the natural areas. The association utilizes the greater part of the neighborhood items so as to make a positive commitment to the nearby economy. Banyan Tree has been instrumental in remembering the nearby network for its working power. It has instrumentally used the neighborhood experts, laborers and culture in its business (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). Seizing Administrative practices Then again so as to help its developing interest of Spa business, it has effectively settled a Spa Academy so as to enable the enrollment to process later (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). It will have the option to enroll its own understudies in the spas of China and Dubai later. Firm level components Framework insightful, Thailand is truly outstanding in the matter of the travel industry. Thailand has the best air terminals in the nation. Thailand has the busiest air terminals in Asia. The organization has a great many representatives working in 25 lodgings, 65 spas and 68 retail exhibitions (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). It has won a few honors as a result of its extraordinary exhibition in offering support to the individuals. Inside impetuses The inside impetuses are given through settlement offices, food and different extravagances like TV and fridges by the organization (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011) Singular level reactions Innovative activities Opportunity and acknowledgment: As Banyan Hotel and Resorts has extended their business in most recent couple of years. They can enter new markets as their prosperity rate is superior to a significant number of their rivals. Expertise and abilities: The association has consistently attempted to keep up discipline among its workers. It has prepared its representatives as indicated by the prerequisites of the business (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). The items and administrations change as indicated by the client the association is managing. This grandstands the order of their work power which can perform well in any nation or economy. Creating and imaginative movement: To keep up the nature of its estates and inns it has embraced independent ecological practices as far as water the board, not utilizing bi-degradable items and preparing understudies for a superior spa experience of the clients (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). The administrations like excellence treatment, music and customary Thai nourishment for the clients (USDA, 2016). Watchmen five powers Danger of new passage Banyan Tree Hotels and Industries have set up itself as a lavish inn network in Thailand (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). The development pace of the travel industry business in Thailand is around 8 percent which permits them to explore and develop in the market. Provider power It utilizes neighborhood materials from dealers to use it in business as referenced in the dynamic abilities (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). It additionally utilizes progressively neighborhood individuals so as to help the nearby economy of a district. Gifted and created workers make its flexibly power solid. Danger of replacement The association has been offering bona fide Thai cooking and cordiality to the representatives (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). Also, that is the thing that it contrasts from Hilton and other lavish inns. Subsequently, its replacement by a contender is troublesome. Thus, its danger of accommodation is low. Purchaser power The purchaser power is extremely high in the Hotel business of Thailand (USDA, 2016). The consumer loyalty assumes a gigantic job in the matter of the lodging business. Serious contention Banyan Trees Hotels and Resorts have been instrumental in depicting their novel neighborhood picture in the market so as to disregard the conceivable outcomes of competition (Wirtz, Wirtz, 2011). Thus, the chance of serious contention is extremely low. 2.Porters conventional methodologies Figure 1: Porters conventional methodologies (Source: Tansey, Spillane Meng, 2014) Doormen nonexclusive procedures are extremely helpful for making systems preceding go into another market. It is partitioned in four quadrants as delineated above in the image. Be that as it may, various procedures are reasonable and plausible to the various necessities and with the distinctive firm. For instance, a few organizations may offer less expensive costs to achieve a higher infiltration into the market. This may help the concerned association gave if there is an interest for such procedure. Walmart for instance use cost initiative way to deal with draw in its clients (Stankevi?i?t?, Grunda Bartkus, 2012). It is doable also with the objective clients. They do a major business with the assistance of ordinary low costs. Be that as it may, this isn't achievable to have a similar procedure with some who need best quality and valuing is no bar for such individuals in the event that it conveys on quality. For the Banyan Tree Hotel, it is significant that they use cost administration approach for going into the Indian market. The Sociocultural way of life of the individuals living in India have delicate corner for value sensitivities (Pereira Malik, 2013). This is additionally obvious that the travel industry and accommodation segment in India would not the only one shared by the neighborhood individuals; this would prefer to be shared by numerous outsiders who are getting boosted with their similarity for this piece of world. Be that as it may, proposals are recommended on the grounds that neighborhood individuals have high tendency to a decreased expense and great in quality organization. Moreover, the vacationer area is progressively bolstered with the fall of neighborhood open from various pieces of the nation. Offering a cost solid open door in such setting would be a superior thought for the Banyan Tree Company. This would prefer to fill the need of neighborhood open. This proced ure is proposed by remembering the early barely any seasons of business activities of the Banyan Tree in India. The system is too

Policy and Politics in Nursing and Healthcare Coursework - 1

Strategy and Politics in Nursing and Healthcare - Coursework Example In such manner, it implies that the people in the zone have sufficient work force and medical caretakers. Ever, United States experienced creating patterns and procedures. Social insurance openness has been viewed as the essential goal of strategy change. This quandary can be settled by expanding the quantity of medicinal services staff or expanding the quantity of beds in the emergency clinics. Impartial access is outlined by which determinants of acknowledged access are prevailing in foreseeing use. Verifiably, impartial access to social insurance by all has been outlined to happen when the segment perspectives are completely fulfilled and considered in conveyance of medicinal services. Improving access to medicinal services can be essentially facilitated by associate of access methodologies which underscore the importance of foundation just as people’s credits in arrangements to improve get to. Consequently, the medical attendants have the obligation of profiting human serv ices to all. As per Andersen, Rice and Kominski (2007), sending more medical attendants to provincial territories and expanding their impetuses is a great proposal to improve access to medicinal services. What's more, Andersen, Rice and Kominski (2007) suggest that the medical caretakers have a task to carry out in coordinating all into the human services framework. Comprehensiveness is basic in improving access to all. Expanding the quantity of medical caretakers may help fathom openness to social insurance. Andersen, Rice and Kominski (2007) signify that expanding the quantity of attendants may build the quantity of medical caretakers.

Essay on Romanticism - 4035 Words

Romanticism In spite of its representation of potentially diabolical and satanic powers, its historical and geographic location and its satire on extreme Calvinism, James Hoggs Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner proves to be a novel that a dramatises a crisis of identity, a theme which is very much a Romantic concern. Discuss. Examination of Romantic texts provides us with only a limited and much debated degree of commonality. However despite the disparity of Romanticism (or Romanticisms) as a movement it would be true to say that a prevalent aspect of Romantic literature that unites many different forms of the movement, is a concern with the divided self. As the empirical Rationalism of the eighteenth century was†¦show more content†¦Griffiths agrees that the central distinctive feature of Romanticism is the search for a reconciliation between the inner vision and the outer experience. Duncan Wu asserts that Romantic texts are often concerned with division..and reunion between the body and the spirit. (Wu, xvii). David Oakleaf specifically applies this theme to Confessions identifying it as Robert Wringhims refusal to accept himself as both a spiritual and corporeal creature. (Oakleaf, 27). It is worth noting that Hogg himself felt somewhat torn between his traditional spiritual side and his intellectual corporeal side. We shall see that this is a biographical detail of Hoggs life that spills over considerably in his depiction of a crisis of identity in Confessions. It is also worth remembering that what is conveniently termed the Romantic period was one of great social and political division. Britain itself was undergoing a societal crisis of identity catalysed by the industrial revolution, increased literacy and the noble beginnings of the French Revolution. As a result the literature of the age reflected this on a number of levels both overt and covert; tangible and spiritual. In the Scotland of Confessions almost everything is at odds with everything else. It is fraught with historical, religious and familial divisions and, more substantially, divisions of identity. Although Scottish religious and political history provides an effectiveShow MoreRelatedRomanticism : Romanticism And Romanticism1444 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism was a period time 1750 to 1870 in Europe, Latin America and The United States. Romantic Movement didn’t reach to France until the 1820’s. Romanticism main spirit was against of rule, law and formulas that classicism the different characterized of general in 18th century. Imagination, Subjectivity of approach, freedom, Expression and the idealization of nature will be focused in movement of Romantic Literature. In this period industrial revolution with the social and political norms formRead MoreRomanticism : Romanticism And Romanticism1141 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements. Although Romanticism and Modernism differ in their styles, values, and ideology, they were both important periods in literature. Romanticism was a literary movement during the late 18th century until the early 19th century that had an emphasis on the imagination and emotions. The movement moved through every country in Europe, Latin America, and the United States from approximately 1750 to 1870. However, France did not see the movement until the 1820’s. Romanticism was basically a rebellionRead MoreRomanticism Vs. Romanticism : Modernism And Romanticism1050 Words   |  5 Pagesor what does it take to better the society? Well, the Europeans had adapted the Neoclassicism and Romanticism form of art belief, in order to find the answers that they were always looking for. Neoclassicism is the principal of logically viewing life in a mathematics and rational level, especially when it comes to solving worldly issues and it’s expressed through art and literature. However, Romanticism believe in the beauty of art, faith, and rely on intense emotions for judgement. Firstly, the societyRead MoreRomanticis m : The Era Of Romanticism1810 Words   |  8 PagesThrough the late 1700s and early 1800s, the period of Romanticism blossomed. â€Å"Romanticism† very loosely describes the era in which modern culture began to take shape. During the Romantic era, many advancements were made in all aspects of people’s lives and cultures. One aspect in particular has held great value even to this day. That aspect being the expansive amount of literature created during the era. The era of Romanticism had its name for a reason. It can be greatly attributed to the romanticRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreRomanticism Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesRomanticism Soaked in sweat, I finally finished a mile run around the neighborhood. While grasping for air, my neighbor Kayla must have noticed that I took my daily run. She decided to bring me a bottle of water and converse a little while. One of the things we discuss was how I have been up multiple nights reading for all four of my classes that I have been taking this semester. Kayla was very shocked that I decided to enroll in British literature knowing that I strongly dislike the language differenceRead MoreDark Romanticism1392 Words   |  6 Pages4. Define â€Å"Dark Romanticism† as you understand it by discussing two works by different authors. Account for the rise of this kind of writing in America and evaluate its appeal and significance then and now. The Dark Side of Romanticism Romantic literary texts focus on the expression of emotion. Authors during the Romantic period developed and integrated the idea of the individual being the main focus in life. Romantic authors focused on the individual being at the center of their own happiness andRead MoreRomanticism And The Enlightenment1286 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing, which emphasizes the scientific, practical evidence and rational thinking. Romanticism questioned the rationality of the truth of the road, that understanding the great mystery of life is not enough. These mysteries can be found with emotion, imagination and intuition. Nature is especially considered a self-discovery and spiritual learning classroom, the mysterious place can reveal the human mind. Romanticism emphasizes a life full of deep feelings, spirituality, and freedom of expression,Read MoreRomanticism Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism Romanticism is a movement in the arts that flourished in Europe and America throughout much of the 19th century from the period of the French revolution in 1789. Romantic artists’ glorified nature, idealized the past, and celebrated the divinity of creation. There is a fundamental emphasis on freedom of self expression, sincerity, spontaneity and originality. The movement rebelled against classicism, and artists turned to sources of inspiration for subject matter and artisticRead MorePuritanism And Romanticism1825 Words   |  8 Pages There have been three major influential movements in American history—Puritanism, Rationalism, and Romanticism. Each occurring during generally different time periods, they produced a number of different types of literature reflecting their beliefs at the time. The Puritans, being some of the first settlers in modern day America, relied heavily on beliefs they brought with them from the Church of England. Rather than simply being f ollowers of their prior Church, Puritans believed in the Church as

Composite in Aircraft Manufacturing - 1331 Words

Composite used in aircraft manufacturing for small scale industries INTRODUCTION In the revolution of high technology of aircraft industrial world has came because of composite materials. It is due to the main property of highly effective and efficient material which is leads to advanced ones. In world of business, customer satisfaction is the most important thing which has become a great need now a day. As innovation going on in the field of composites, the demand of these materials has increased because of higher lighter in weight, less expensive, stronger, durable which helped aircraft industries to achieve their respective goals. In the field of research and development, the scientist has proved that the use of composite materials in the aircraft has made them efficient which also further used in the field of defense industries. The composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials with respective different chemical and physical properties, if we mix these materials with each other then we will get a different material with respective different properties. This kind of material can be used for more purposes such as flexibility, strength, durability, and so on. The composite materials has become famous in the middle of the nineteenth century in the manufacturing of aircraft field. Comparatively, the fiber glass material was used at great quantity because of number of characteristics such as light weight, less expensive, lesser corrosive, and soShow MoreRelatedReduction of Part Counts and Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures626 Words   |  3 PagesComposite materials comprise significantly greater percentages of airframe structural materials used throughout the aerospace manufacturing process. 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By 2011, and the introduction of the 787 Dreamliner, the percentage of composites had risen to an astounding 50%Read MoreComposite Materials : How They Are Made And Used As Aircraft Parts1590 Words   |  7 PagesComposite Materials: How They Are Made and Used as Aircraft Parts. ANTONIO JACKSON Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore how some of the different composite materials are produced and how they are used as aircraft parts. The study seeks to answer the research question, why is the use of composite materials so attractive to aircraft designers and are the benefits of using composites worth trying to integrate them into existing aircraft designs? TheRead MoreGeneral Aviation Manufacturing : A Long Road Full Of Success1229 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Aviation Manufacturing has been a long road full of success from the Wright Brothers, to current times. It has been helpful in the growth of the economy. General Aviation is defined as all aviation other than military and commercial airlines. â€Å"General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to corporate jet flights. The majority of the world’s air traffic falls into this category, and most of the world’s airports serve general aviation exclusively† (General Aviation)Read MoreCase study of Boeing Dreamliner1560 Words   |  7 Pagescommercial aircraft, which was founded in 1916 by William Boeing and Navy Engineer Conrad Westervelt in the name of Pacific Aero Products Company in Seattle, which after active participation in World war-I was renamed to Boeing Airplane Company (Frederick, 2014). Boeing produced several hundreds of B-17 Flying fortress during World War II which became the U.S Bomber. In 1950’s Boeing faced a tough competition from its opponent McDonnell-Douglas which was good at manufacturing propeller aircraft. Due toRead MoreDevelopments in the Constuction of Aircrafts840 Words   |  3 PagesEarly design aircrafts were manufactured from many materials with poor properties that would develop problems in the aircraft’s life and performance. In early aircrafts, such as the Wright Flyer, were constructed from Stika spruce, which is a natural type of fibrous composite material. This material gave the aircraft many issues, one of them being fungal rot which then imposing a change in the design of aircraft material. This then brought the introduction of other alternate materials; such as aluminiumRead MoreDesign Aspects Of The Composite Replacing Metal Parts1677 Words   |  7 PagesSince the first aircraft was developed for flight, people have ha d a goal to improve the aircraft’s physical applications and production of the aircraft more profitable. These changes made aircraft lighter and have increase flight ranges for aircraft for useful for people. In aircraft modification in today’s world is making another major leap in attempting to replace metal structures on aircraft. The reasons for the changes are due to production cost, to create a lighter aircraft, to increase loadRead MoreBoeing 7471369 Words   |  6 PagesWashington. Now headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, Boeing is the world’s largest and perhaps most well-known aerospace firm. According to their website (www.boeing.com), the company operates in three principal segments -commercial airplanes; military aircraft and missiles; and space and communications. The commercial airplane division consists of the 717, 737, 747, 757, 767 and 777 families of jetliners and the Boeing business jet. Boeing faces stiff competition from international aerosp ace companiesRead MoreEssay about Personal Statement for an Internship at ICA France564 Words   |  3 PagesI wish to work at the Institute Clement Ader’s composite Lab under INSA Toulouse. My objective for an internship at ICA France is to prepare myself for the long-term goal of pursuing a career in the research and development of composite materials. I feel that an internship at ICA France will add to my experience of working on composites and prepare myself adequately for pursuing the same as my future career. My interests lie in the field of composite materials, their production and the various fabricationRead MoreGreen Aviation : The Fastest Growing Sector Of The Major Travel Methods1050 Words   |  5 Pagesmaterials, improved aircraft design, and new engine designs. In order to enhance flight efficiency it is necessary for airplanes to be made out of lighter materials. Use of lightweight composite materials is one of the main ways Green Aviation seeks to improve flight efficiency. Lightweight composite materials allow for more streamline aircraft which leads to better air flow on the aircraft’s surface, as a result it can increase lift and reduce drag. With these improvements aircraft would require less

The Negative Effects Of Technology - 1457 Words

Technology users vary from ages as little like a baby to an elderly, and everyone has different purposes of usage. They are survival tools that help human make life easier and faster (Member, 2013). Adults get the technology to help advance in solving problems. Parents and teachers believe technology help enhance learning. Although technology is meant to be excellent in different scenarios, it does not always mean it is healthy. An example would be students who use less technology, score higher on reading exam versus those who use above average (Bremmer, 2016). Society has now learned to misuse technology in many unhealthy ways that are affecting them negatively. Yes, technology has made communication more convenient for society today,†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"How Does Technology,† n.d.). Although technology is supposed to benefit the younger generations more, they are overusing them for the wrong reasons. Socializing through social media on their electronic devices is one of the most significant problems today. Common Sense Media reported teens spending about nine hours using social media for entertainments (Wallace, 2015). Apparently, they don t sleep very long then. Children from the age of eight to twelve spend about six hours on average (Wallace, 2015). James Steyer (2015), chief executive officer and founder of Common Sense Media stated It just shows you that these kids live in this massive 24/7 digital media technology world, and it s shaping every aspect of their life. They spend far more time with media technology than any other thing in their life. This is the dominant intermediary in their life. Teens and kids are arguing saying there is no difference with putting the TV on verses on social media while doing homework. Steyer stated according to a study at Standford; there is a dramatic difference from heavy media multitaskers and light media multitaskers (Wallace, 2015). It s completely obvious that you can t multitask and be as effective and competent, said Steyer. Not only lacking the face-to-face communication but over usage of technology result inShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Technology1541 Words   |  7 PagesJust a few decades ago, the technology we have today were merely ideas in science fiction novels or gadgets seen in a futuristic movie. There is no doubt that technology use has increased dramatically within this decade and these numbers may continue to rise as technology becomes more available to the public. Technology is slowly taking over our life and so many people have grown up surrounded by technology that a life without it is pretty much unimaginable. As technology becomes a bigger part of ourRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Technology1296 Words   |  6 Pages Technology is a key factor in how the economy flows, and is a very important part of a typical person’s daily life. The use of technology over the years has increased by a very large amount. Technology is a part of everyone’s daily life. It is u sed in the classrooms, offices, automobiles, and just about anywhere that comes to mind. There are many positive effects of technology, but there are also many negative effects. The use of such technology makes everything more simple. Factories, for exampleRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology841 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology is everywhere. Technology makes learning in classrooms easier and more interactive, it also helps kids find creativity in making and designing things online. It helps enhance a students thinking too. Yet, several scientist have shown that technology is just as addictive as drugs and harming to your health, and not just your health, it breaks away relationships you have made with others. Technology tears apart peoples relationships leaving them addicted and alone. If someone whoRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology1022 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology affects every aspect of our lives. We as humans use it every day with little to no thought. Humans are becoming more reliant on the internet and other forms of technology to receive their information and communicate. However, the increase in the use of technology has had a negative effect on humans’ health and development and communication. Technology changes the way we live our daily lives, the way we develop, and the way we communicate. Technology is a double edged sword. The internetRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology1127 Words   |  5 Pagesform of technology. Only â€Å" 13% of U.S. adults do not use the internet,† according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of survey data (Anderson Perrin, 2016). With so many people using this is not surprising that technology is beginning to affect different age groups. Technology overuse causes developmental setbacks in children, self image issues in teens, and health concerns within adults. Things now days are a lot different then they were a number of years ago. Without having technology to fallRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology1503 Words   |  7 PagesUsage of technology varies amongst different age groups, often used for productive means, but there is also a negative side of technology usage. With the advancement of technology, technology is considered to be survival tools for humans, such as to make life easier and to be extra productive. Moreover, Adults harness the power of technology to solve complex problems, usually this can only be done with the aid of a computer. Another arena of technology use is for school, both, parents and teachersRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Technology854 Words   |  4 Pagesand access to Google. We, as a modern tech savvy society, must be aware and wise when using technology and the internet since nowadays dangers are everywhere. As a result, society has become overly dependent with using technology within their daily live s, so much that it affects children, can lead to online dangers, and creates unnecessary obsession among users. First of all, excessive exposure to technology can be detrimental to children. Some people may say that children play and watch educationalRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Technology1465 Words   |  6 Pagesrarity to own a smartphone. Technology has advanced immensely over the years and completely changed the way we live today. Most people would argue that technology is beneficial and it helps make their lives much easier. Although these statements may be true, I could easily argue the contrary. Sometimes I think life would be simpler without it. Almost everything comes with its pros and cons, but this paper will soon persuade you that one outweighs the other. Technologies of all sorts have started toRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology846 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology is something that has been evolving for thousands of years, and even more years to follow. In 1441, a German inventor named Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, making printing 500 times faster and new ideas to be passed around. In 1608, Galileo Galilei, an Italian Astronomer, built the first telescope, enabling new scientific discoveries to be found. These technologies allowed advancements to the human society, but not all new technologies are used for the better good. TechnologyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology1001 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology has greatly impacted today’s society. Through technology, we can have the entire world at our finger tips; but is this new and evolving way of life negatively impacting society? Traditional family foundations are rotting away due to modern use of technology. Children, instead of playing outside, riding bikes, or using their imagination, are increasingly depending on technology; and in the future, technology will have damaging effects. In an interview with Steve Jobs, Nick Bilton, a

Sustaining Organizationals Performance

Question: Write an essay about the "sustaining organizational performance". Answer: Introduction Organizational ability to deliver quality products and/or services to its customers determines its long-term success (Owen et al., 2001). Operational management is a key practice in an organization, which reflects performing and administering business practices to ensure overall efficiency to the maximum possible extent. It ensures the use of materials and skills of professionals to develop products and/or services and maximize profitability. The organization attempts to ensure balance in terms of managing its cost and incomes to ascertain sustainability in its operations with optimal utilization of resources, workforce, materials and technologies among other organizational attributes (Lewis, 2003). Various functions are involved in the business and each business has its different functional responsibilities, which certainly influences its overall operations. For instance, marketing department of the organization is responsible for determining customers demand, promoting sales and de signing effective communication. On the other hand, finance department manages the operations related with management of budget, cash flow and investment of funds (Kosan, 2014; Merton and Bodie, 2005). Operational management works as a process to ensure conduct of all the functioning department of the business in a lean and sustainable manner (Al-Ashaab et al., 2016; Saunders et al., 2014). Contextually, the paper intends to discuss critically about the relevant profitability and risk ratios that a client needs to consider while investing in MDM PLC and review possible mechanisms for financing a project. Relevant Profitability Ratios Analysis of the financial perspectives and performances are integral aspects that investors need to consider while investing their fund in any business. In this context, review of profitability position of the business is one of the key approaches that investors need to consider in their investment decision, as it allows gaining better understanding about the manner in which a business is making money and its financial stability in the industry (Tugas, 2012). The profitability ratios provide overview to the investors regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the company, which also supports to convert its operational effectiveness into profitability (Khan and Dalabeeh, 2013). The investors while investing in MDM PLC can make use of the following ratios to determine profitability of the business: Return on Assets The ROA is determined through net income earned by the company divided with the average of total assets in the financial year. The ratio calculation will help the investor to evaluate the manner in which MDM PLC makes utilization of its assets to generate income. Higher the ROA of MDM PLC, more effective will be the performance of assets of the company that represent greater efficiency of the management to replace the non-performing assets. The net assets position of MDM PLC will includes valuation of liabilities and equities of the investor. Thus, the ratio provides better evaluation of the manner in which the business utilizes investors funds to generate income (Kabajeh, et al., 2012). ROA = Net Income / Average Total Assets Source: (Kabajeh, et al., 2012) Return on Equity ROE of MDM PLC is another profitability analysis mechanism, which is calculated from net income evaluation with respect to average of the stakeholders equity in the business. The ratio indicates effectiveness of MDM PLC in rewarding its investors by utilizing funds to generate profits. To evaluate the investors repertoire valuation, ROE is highly effective. The ratio reflects earning performance of MDM PLC and effectiveness of investors funds utilization. ROE is an important indicator that determines whether MDM PLC is performing its operations in a lean manner. Better ROE signifies that MDM PLC can provide substantial amount of returns to investors (Rekhi, 2016). ROE = Net Income / Average of the stakeholders equity Source: (Rekhi, 2016) Profit Margin In profitability analysis of MDM PLC, profit margin proves as an important aspect, which indicates the amount of profits in the sales of the company within a financial year. The evaluation of this ratio depicts the manner in which MDM PLC is able to utilize its working capital, as share of profit deducts the cost required for generating the sales revenue, all the administration costs and taxable expenses. Profit margin ratio of MDM PLC implies the efficiency to convert its sales revenues into profitability. Superior position of MDM PLC with respect to profit margin ratio reflects effective cost controlling mechanism adopted to generate net income (Gibson, 2012). Profit Margin = Net Profit / Sales Source: (Gibson, 2012) Inter-linkage between Profitability Ratios Case Ratios Implication 1 ROA increase Profit Margin increase Able to improve business performance by generating high revenues 2 Profit Margin decrease ROE increase Equity investment of the company decreases 3 ROE increase ROA decrease Increase in profitability and additional investment in assets Relevant Risk Ratios Investor must analyze the riskiness to evaluate the success of investment, as higher the risk in investment will create loss. To appraise the financial health of MDM PLC, the investors can make use of various risk analysis ratios including Debt-to-Capital, Debt-to-Equity and Interest Coverage. These ratios assist the investor to measure capital structure of MDM PLC and risk level with respect to its debts. To ensure financial soundness as well as ability to maintain operating effectiveness, MDM PLC needs to manage its debt share in an effective manner (Damodaran, 2002). The ratios that investor must consider to determine riskiness in investing at MDM PLC is as follows: Debt-to-Capital The D/C ratio is a measure to evaluate the solvency position of MDM PLC by determining the share of interest-bearing debts in the overall capital employed by the company. Higher debts will increase the possibility of solvency due to high obligation of interest payment. Determination of the ratio would be advantageous for the investor, as it allows figuring out the riskiness in investment. If based on the analysis, investor founds high D/C, it indicates that majority of MDM PLC finance is generated from debts. High D/C reflects investors have low trust on the operations of the business and to meet its financial obligations, major portion of capital is from borrowing, which includes repayment obligations (Damodaran, 2002). Debt-to-Capital = Total Debts / Shareholders Equity + Total Debts Source: (Damodaran, 2002) Debt-to-Equity D/E is another mechanism for evaluation of riskiness by comparing debt and equity position. The ratio works as a tool to reflecting the ability to meet the debt obligations. If MDM PLC identified to have low D/E it will indicates superior equity position and facilitates the business to deal with revenue downturns and meet the need to additional capitals. On the other hand, high D/E creates difficulty to MDM PLC in gathering additional capital from the market. MDM PLC with high D/E suggests aggressive financing approach of the business by increasing debts. This perspective is likely to unstable the earnings of investors, as the company needs to bear high interest expenses (Trahair, 2012). Debt-to-Equity = Total Debts / Equity Source: (Trahair, 2012) Interest Coverage The interest coverage ratio reflects the abilities of MDM PLC to manage its financing expenses, which are short-term. The ratio indicates that whether the company can easily payoff the interest expenses, which are outstanding on debts. It can be determined from Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) divided by interest bearing expenses. The measure is integral aspect in evaluation of riskiness, as if MDM PLC does not able to meet its obligations, than there is high possibility of solvency. Low ratio represents the adverse scenario of financial hardship for MDM PLC in future (Weil, et al, 2013). Interest Coverage = EBIT / Interest Expenses Source: (Weil, et al, 2013) Inter-linkage between Relevant Risk Ratios Case Ratios Implication 1 D/C decrease D/E decrease Increase in equity investment 2 D/C decrease High interest coverage Profitability of the company improve due to lowering of debts 3 High interest coverage D/E increase The company able to increase its earning with increase in debts Financing Options Finance is integral in conduct any capital concentrated projects. Proper financing enable smooth functioning of activities and completes the project within its stipulated timeframe. Lack of funding remains one of the major responsible factors in creating lag in the project and adversely impact on its sustainability (Yescombe, 2002). In similar note, MDM PLC consideration over undertaking a project, which is expected to cost around 200 million, must ensure free flow of capitals to meet its current obligations. To carry out the project, huge working capital will be required that can only be met with the availability of required funds. The source through which the company would be able to finance this project can be internal or external. Internal source of funding include availability of cash with the company in form of reserves (Yescombe, 2002). MDM PLC can possibly utilize different mechanisms or methods to finance this project, which is categorized into two different methods, i.e. eq uity and/or debts. Each of the method involves different approaches that has its own advantages and risk involvement. Equity Financing Issuing of common stocks can be one of the integral forms of raising finance from the market for the project. It is advantageous, as it does not involve any legal obligations. The mechanism will improvise and enrich credit worthiness, which will allow the business to conduct the operations smoothly and generate high revenues. Considering investors perspective, the approach facilitates them with the opportunity to earn high returns. Investors are also able to participate in management and controlling the operations of the business with having voting rights. Moreover, MDM PLC can gain the opportunity related to ease of marketability by raising fund through common stocks in comparison to other financing mechanisms. Another form of equity financing for the company can be the preference share issue (Welfens and Ryan, 2011). This mechanism protects the company to control power dilution by limited rights to investors. Such financing involve call provision, which significantly develop flexib ility in the companys capital structure. For the company, utilization of this mode of financing will be comparatively less risky over debt financing. The investors who fund the company can secure fixed revenue generation in the form of dividends (Welfens and Ryan, 2011). Bond Financing Bond financing will act as a flexible mechanism for MDM PLC to raise finance for the project. The investors of the funds are entitled to earn interest income against their investment. The fixed income for the investors will provide security against the fluctuating interest rates and economic alterations. The company can be benefited with the utilization of this mode of financing, as it allows them to retain high cash into business and operate the activities of the project in an effective manner. Besides, this approach of financing facilitates the company to lower tax obligations, as expenses are deductable. The company will be able to operate based on its planning, as investors will not have any decision-making role (Welfens and Ryan, 2011). The bonds can have different attributes, as it may have the obligation of fixed interest, zero coupon, convertible bonds and floating rates. Each type of bonds investment will provide significant advantages to both the investors and the company. For instance, Zero Coupon Bond does not allow the investors with regular fixed rate of income in the form of interest, but entitled to earn high capital gains. Such bonds are issued at lower prices and redeemed at its par value. In addition, convertible bonds provide investors to enjoy the privilege of both equity and debt investment (Welfens and Ryan, 2011). Loan Financing Borrowing finance in the form of loan can also be another alternative to avail funds for the project. The borrowed loan by the company from investors or financial institution will be subjected to secure with mortgage property. The loan amount that the company will borrow will involve cost, which holds obligations of interest payment in the predetermined or floating rate. The approach of raising the requirement of finance for the project will be advantageous for the company to lower taxable expenses. As the interest that will be paid by the company for the loan is likely to be deductable from the companys profit margin, which would lower the taxable liabilities (Welfens and Ryan, 2011). There are different forms of loans that the company can use including term loan and bank overdraft. The term loan mode of financing will provide privilege to the company to lower the cost involvement in raising the finance, as cost involves is comparably lower to equity financing. The approach also pro vides flexibility of operations to the company, as it will not dilute companys control over the business process. Besides, the investor will have low risk, as finance will be backed by security(s) of the company. The company has the advantage of determining the maturity period of the loan based on requirement of the fund, as it will have flexibility of negotiation loan terms (Welfens and Ryan, 2011). Conclusion It can be concluded based on the above discussion that for investors it is integral to analyze the profitability position of the business before their investment. Profitability analysis can be done through utilization of various ratios including ROA, ROE and profit margin. These ratios will reflect the financial strength of the company and manner in which it can utilize funds to generate profits. The ratio analyses the effectiveness of the company and future prospects for rewarding investors with generation of high profitability. Along with the evaluation of profitability, determination of riskiness is also important factor for the investor, which will provide outlook of the uncertainty attached with fund allocation. The ratio that investor can consider include D/C, D/E and Interest Coverage ratios. Additionally, to meet the requirements of funds for the project, the company can make use different sources, which include Equity, Debt and Loan financing. References Al-Ashaab, A., Golob, M, Urrutia, U. A., Gourdin, M., Petritsch, C., Summers, M. and El-Nounu, A. (2016) Development and application of lean product development performance measurement tool, International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 342-354. Damodaran, A. (2002) Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset, John Wiley Sons, UK. Gibson, C. H. (2012) Financial Reporting and Analysis, Cengage Learning, US. Kabajeh, M. A. M., Al Nuaimat, S. M. A. and Dahmash, F. N. (2012) The relationship between the ROA, ROE and ROI ratios with Jordanian insurance public companies market share prices,International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 115-120. Kosan, L. (2014) Accounting for marketing: Marketing performance through financial results, International Review of Management and Marketing, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 276-283. Khan, A. and Dalabeeh, E. (2013) The role of financial analysis ratio in evaluating performance, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 13-28. Lewis, M. (2003) Operations Management: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Taylor Francis, London. Merton, R. C. and Bodie, Z. (2005) Design of financial systems: Towards a syntheses of function and structure, Journal of Investment Management, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-23. Owen, K., Mundy, R., Guild, W. and Guild, R. (2001) Creating and sustaining the high performance organization, Managing Service Quality, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 10-21. Rekhi, D. (2016), What is the importance of RoE for investors, News, viewed 10 July 2016, Saunders, T., Gao, J. and Shah, S. (2014) A case study to evaluate lean product development practices in the global automotive industry, International Journal of Product Development, vol. 19, no. 5-6, pp. 307-327. Trahair, D. (2012) Crushing Debt: Why Canadians Should Drop Everything and Pay off Debt, John Wiley Sons, UK. Tugas, F. C. (2012) A comparative analysis of the financial ratios of listed firms belonging to the education subsector in the Philippines for the years 2009-2011, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 21, pp. 173-190. Weil, R. L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J. (2013) Financial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses, Cengage Learning, US. Welfens, P. J. J. and Ryan, C. (2011) Financial Market Integration and Growth, Springer Science Business Media, London. Yescombe, E. R. (2002) Principles of Project Finance, Academic Press, London.

10 Jobs That Pay More Than $80k And How To Get Them

10 Jobs That Pay More Than $80k And How To Get Them You want to choose a career that will challenge you and nurture your strengths, as well as fulfilling you in the long term. But a great salary doesn’t hurt either, right? Check out a few of these top paying jobs and see if they might be right for you. Some don’t even require you to have a college degree! 1. Information Security Architect: $114kThis job requires a great deal of experience and qualifications, but if you can line yourself up for it, you can make great money. Look to get certified in A+, Net+, and Security+. If you have the hands-on experience and the expertise to do this job (vetting security, working with firewalls, streamlining processes and solutions), then you could be all set.2. Systems Admin: $83kThe typical medial salary for this position is a bit lower, but the more experience you have, the higher up the pay scale you will be. It’s also in great demand. So if you are a whiz at technology, this job might be for you.3. Art Director: $95kAre yo u super talented and into art but people keep asking you how you plan to pay the bills? Go into art direction, creating the style and image of a publication, theatrical production, ad campaign, even window display! You’ll need to be able to design and follow a budget, as well as lead a team, but if you have the talent, training, creativity, and the eye, you’ll do great.4. Lawyer: $130kThis is one of those instantly respected positions. No one will ever give you trouble at a cocktail party again. You’ll have to go to law school and go into a lot of debt, but if it suits you, you’ll be almost guaranteed a competitive salary- depending on your specialization.5. Sales Manager: $116kYou’ll have to sell a lot to be a sales manager, but once you’re at that level, you won’t be doing as much of the actual selling. Instead you’ll be establishing territories, setting goals, and guiding a team that does the selling. If you’ve got fi ve years of sales experience under your belt, this might be something you could think about. It’s good steady work at good steady pay- with less travel.6. IT Manager: $125kTechnology is such an integral part of today’s workforce and world. IT Managers are generally very well paid because they keep technology running for the companies they work at. They are the lifeline when things go wrong!7. Business Operations Manager: $119kKeep your company running- by negotiating contracts, hiring new talent, building and leading teams, and making strategy decisions. The growth for this field is projected to be 7% through 2024. Look for jobs on the east coast, in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.8. Financial Manager: $134kOversee the money in your company, control the checkbook, make profit projections, manage cash flow, and coordinate accounting. It’s a very detail-oriented and highly confidential position, requiring great skill with numbers, but the pay is undeniably good.9. Marketing Manager: $116kConduct research and use it to shape a successful advertising campaign. Design skills won’t hurt you here, and neither will leadership and team-building skills. Live in your own personal Mad Men for a living.10. Supply Chain Manager: $81kThis job tends to lead to high satisfaction and high pay- the high end can net you up to $123k. You’ll have to work your way up to this position, which will require a lot of dedication, sweat and time, but particularly if you don’t have a college degree, it’s an excellent option.

fashion of the 1920s essays

fashion of the 1920's essays The 1920s, a period that saw dramatic changes in dress, was perhaps the first modern decade of the twentieth century. The corseted woman of the previous decade, with her hobble skirts and huge hats, looked as if she came from another world when compared to the modern woman of the 1920s. The result was extreme. Fashionable 1920s female body evolved from the elaborately trimmed dress with its high waist position and ankle length skirt at the beginning, to the simple, hardly decorated, shapeless tube with a hip level waistline and a skirt barely covering the knees at the end of the decade. The initiation of the new fashion boom all began with their change in social aspects and attitudes along with their new way of life. The womens independence movement of the 1920s resulted in a dramatic change in dress as shown by the desire to look youthful, boyish, flat-chested, and at the same time want her independence and The 1920s was the new decade of the century. This was the Jazz Age, the decade of the flappers. 1920s opened with an explosion of color, wailing sounds, fast rhythms of jazz, and energetic dancing. Everyone was into learning the latest dance, the Charleston. It was attitude, a period of escapism, a youthful reaction against the dark and serious clothes. These were the days to rebel. From 1920-1930, the world was one big party, aptly described by the phrase The Roaring Twenties. (Presley,p3) Women slowly began joining socialist partys with the influence of increasing local socialist womens organizations and a national magazine of that day, Socialist Woman. One major question, which arose to many womens minds was, once economic base of sexual oppression was corrected, would equality follow? (Zinn,p45) That argument became sharper as the women&apo...

RQ2 Reflect on this statement by Ladd and give express your thoughts Assignment

RQ2 Reflect on this statement by Ladd and give express your thoughts and opinions - Assignment Example ch definition is based on emphasizing on a positive experience, experience oriented and majorly emphasizing the abilities of and possibilities in understanding the larger cohort of deaf selves (Kusters & De Meulder, 2013 P.429 L. 91-111). Deaf people are just ordinary people who have one deficit of hearing; nevertheless, deaf people gain is enhanced and rooted in cognitive skills. Such include increased peripheral recognition, increased spatial recognition, proficiency in visual learning and the use of visual language that is rich in metaphoric iconicity. A part from these intrinsic arguments, there are extrinsic reasons that explain the contribution of deaf people and their language. Ladd states that, there are destructive patterns that are rooted in the deaf culture, and they include; not realizing the positive meaning of being deaf, not appreciating that sign language is genuine and has a general dislike of hearing people(Kusters & De Meulder, 2013 P.430 L.67-75). The statements provided by Ladd demonstrate many things that the deaf community undergoes and how they need and feel to be handled. The deaf communities many a time like using their own language and continued to maintain their culture. These are demonstrated through the deaf clubs, international and national organizations and their successfully raising of colossus number of non-deaf children in their culture. Deaf hood, therefore, involves a dynamic understanding of deaf people, how they behave among themselves and in the community at large. Given that, humans have alike to seek fixity, it is imperative to state that deaf hood is a process, not a fixed state but it is a checklist of many characteristics that can be used to describe ideologies that arise to attempt hegemony(Ladd, 2005 P.14 L. 11-19). In essence, many deaf people feel that their oral counterparts take them as lesser people in the society. It can be seen in some action that the deaf people do. A pointing example is the perpetual

Discuss two items from each museum and respond to the questions Research Paper

Discuss two items from each museum and respond to the questions - Research Paper Example So, it can be seen that this communication is a complex process, through the medium of the art work itself. Earlier, the term art was used to refer any sort of skill or mastery. But the Romantic spirit which transformed the scenario of art helped it to relate itself to any object, concrete or abstract, capable to stimulate thoughts and emotions. The power of Art to attract human minds is irrevocably proven and it is clear that the discussion of art pieces from different museums will shed much light to the foretold subject. The museums selected for the discussion are: National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, and the items selected are: 1. Fine arts- the portrait of Abraham Lincoln namely-‘The Penny Image of Abraham Lincoln’ (see appendix-1) by William Willard. 2. Natural history (Archaeology) – ‘Mummied Ibis’ (see appendix-2) i.e., mummified form of an animal excavated from Egypt. The painting-‘The Penny Image of Abraham Lincoln’, was painted by William Willard in 1864. The medium of the work is oil on canvas and the owner is the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. The object-‘Mummied Ibis’ is an animal mummy excavated from Abydos, an important site of Ancient Egyptian culture. The portrait is based on a photograph of Lincoln, captured by Anthony Berger at a famous studio, namely Mathew Brady’s studio, Washington D.C., in 1864. At the same time, the second object selected for discussion, i.e. ‘Mummied Ibis’ symbolize the cultural aspects of ancient Egypt. The process of mummifying or embalming was a complex process related to the belief of ancient Egyptians in life after death. Barry J. Kemp reflects that: â€Å"The nature of the ancient Egyptian state and its wealth of devices-myth, symbol and institution to manipulate minds and to direct the lives

Sociolinguistics Essay Essay Example for Free

Sociolinguistics Essay Essay INTRODUCTION The research paper deals with personal advertisements presented via the medium of the Internet. This kind of advertising is a relatively new genre because the medium of the Internet is not a very old phenomenon; therefore it is nearly unexplored. The following analysis of personal advertisements appears to be quite interesting as today personal advertisements represent one of the very popular and often used means providing possibility to meet new friends and potential life partners. Ads offer a rich source of written language, as well as research material. They usually facilitate in sending right messages to people of opposite gender identities on dating webpage. The most important goal of the research paper is to focus on the features of online dating from the point of view of gender differences. It tries to find out whether and how the differences between men and women influence the language of personal advertisements. It wants to explore whether some general gender stereotypes also occur in this new kind of personal advertisement. II. RESEARCH PROBLEMS In our society it is believed that men and women talk as they belonged to two different entities. Since personal advertisements are written by both sexes, the research paper tries to explore how language relates to gender and how stereotyped assumptions and beliefs are reflected in the text of online personal advertisements. The paper focuses on how men and women characterise themselves, as well as their potential partners, what kind of expressions they use for this purpose. From the viewpoint of gender stereotypes, the paper will concentrate on the issues of talkativeness and a hedges usage as it is presupposed that women will be more talkative and will use hedges more frequently. It is also presupposed that men will emphasise success in their self – description and appearance in their partner –description. Women are  presupposed to put greater emphasis on their appearance as well as on partner ´s success. 1 III. THEORETICAL PART 1. Advertisement in general 1.1.Role of advertisement Nowadays, advertisement is a usual part of everyday life. Wherever we are, ads are always surrounding us. We can see it everywhere: on TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, billboards, means of transport, the Internet or in public places. Its goal is to attract people  ´s attention and give information about some concrete product or service. The ultimate aim of ads is to persuade people to buy what is advertised. Information provided by the creators of the advertisement has a strong impact on the addressees, either negative or positive. Advertisement is very often rejected and invokes passionate discussions. However, thanks to it, people or companies can quickly inform about their products or services in a very easy way. 1.2.Language of advertisement A great variety of advertisements for different subjects emerges on the market, ads for e.g.: products, services, ideas or images of organizations, charities, companies, individuals. Language of present advertisements is special. It tries to attract possible customers or addressees and focuses on their attention and consciousness to influence them positively. „ Ads use fictions, word play, compressed storytelling, stylized acting, photography, cartoons, puns, and rhythms in ways which are often memorable, enjoyable and amusing. The word and details of ads often come to people ´s minds more readily than those of novels and poems and plays, and they are often recalled with more laughter and enthusiasmâ€Å" (Cook, 2003, p. 3). It can be said that language used in advertisements plays a very important role. It is obvious that the more extraordinary, peculiar, interesting and original the advertisement is, the greater chance it has to draw addressees ´Ã‚  attention and to go deeply into their subconscious. 2. Personal advertisement 2.1. The role of the advertisement As any kind of advertisement, personal ads are part of everyday life. They can be seen in all media; mainly on the Internet and print media. Personal advertisements serve for the purpose of communication between people. The primary aim is to catch attention of an ideal partner. The 2 options for creating personal ads are limited as their writers depend on the space given and words expressing their intention. 2.2. Language of personal advertisement As it was said, language of advertisement is very specific, especially language of personal advertisements. â€Å"Communication adaptation theory (CAT) (Burgoon, Stern, Dillman, 1995; Giles, Coupland, Coupland, 1991) holds that individuals vary their language choices within interactions, depending on their social goals. Thus, speakers may choose to emphasize (or deemphasize) particular aspects of their identities as a way of aligning with (or distancing from) interaction partnersâ€Å" (http://pdfcast.org/pdf/enacting-gender-identity-in-written-discourse- responding-to-gender-role-bidding-in-personal-ads, p.401,cited 30.11.2010) As Winn and Robin (ibid, cited 30.11.2010) continue, the writers of the personal ads regulate their self- presentations by means of language choice. On the other hand, prescribed requirements of e.g. space can have an influence on the way of writers ´ presentation. The authors of personal ads must be brief when they portray themselves. However, they also have to use such language means which help the writers to present elements of their identities that are supposed to be most important to finding partners. Therefore it is obvious that personal ads writers â€Å" will often converge with, or match, the speech patterns of their interlocutors† (ibid, p. 401, cited 30.11.2010). As the authors of article printed in a magazine Journal of language a social psychology point out, writers of personal ads construct their text and use such a vocabulary to be in harmony with what is preferred by their readers; â€Å" individuals are seen to adapt their language† (ibid, p. 401, cited 30.11.2010). 3. Gender differences Gender study appears to be not a very old discipline. It was introduced in the second half of the last century and explores the field of differences between men and women. It is generally assumed that women differ from men in many attributes. Nowadays, comments like woman will never understand man and vice versa nearly become a proverb. Of course, differences between women and men are of various types; however for the purpose of this research paper only difference concerning language use will be discussed. A theory dealing with issues of gender differences in using language is called sociolinguistic. Its major topic is â€Å" the connection between the structures, vocabularies, and ways 3 of using particular languages and the social roles of the men and women who speak these languages† (p. 315). 3.1. Gender and language Nowadays, linguists still have the same opinion that men and women differ in the language use. The distinction is partly caused by biological differences, e.g. a constitution of human brain depends on gender; however the fact is that women and men are also psychologically different, e.g. â€Å"women are more concerned with making connections; they seek involvement and focus on the interdependencies between people. Men are more concerned with autonomy and detachment; they seek independence and focus on hierarchical relationship† ( Boe qtd. In Holmes, 1995, p. 7). According to Coates ( 1993), usually, emotiveness is a typical feature of women, while rational thinking is characteristic attribute of men. Men put emphasis on success, efficiency, power and ability, whereas women regard as the most important relationship, feelings, family, and confidence. We can say, all these areas affect women ´s and men  ´s acting, their decision making, thinking, and their expressing of their emotions, needs and opinions. The distinctions mentioned can be reflected also in personal advertisements. 3.2. Cultural stereotypes and language Not only history and culture of the society but also gender differences influence the existence of certain persistent stereotypes in the society. There are some linguistic stereotypes  concerning communicative competence of men and women based on gender differences that are believed by almost each member of our society. According to Coates ( ibid ), each of us are familiar with linguistic stereotypes, like that â€Å" women talk more than men, that women â€Å"gossip†, that men swear more than women, that women are more polite and so on† ( Coates, 1993, p. 107). Coates mentions also other language areas in which women are distinct from men, which are â€Å"tag questions, hedges, commands and directives, taboo language, compliments, topic and topic development, formal versus informal language, and minimal responses† ( Coates, 1993, p. 114). 4 3.2.1. Talkativeness As for talkativeness, â€Å" there is a widespread belief in our society that women talk more than men† ( Coates, 1993, p. 115). In spoken language Coates calls this stereotype â€Å"verbosity† (Coates, 1993, p 114). Persistence of this stereotype is closely connected with the topic discussed. In societies, it is believed that women like to talk more about  ´trivial ´ topics, as family cooking or personal issues, and they avoid topics that could be titled  ´serious ´. The triviality of topics is usually connected with abundant usage of words. Coates points out another reason for persistence of this belief that is â€Å"different expectations of male and female speakers: while men have the right to talk, women are expected to remain silent. Then talking at any length can be viewed as talkativeness† ( Coates, 1993, p. 115). However; it should be emphasized that no research has proved this general belief (Coates, 1993). 3.2.2. Markers of hesitation, uncertainty As Coates (1993) says, women ´s speech is often viewed as  ´tentative ´. While men and women telling the same, women are supposed to use more features of hesitation like comment clauses, hedges, interjections, and pauses than men. According to Coates, hedges are â€Å"linguistic forms such as I think, I  ´m sure, you know, sort of and perhaps, maybe which express the speaker ´s certainty or uncertainty about the proposition under discussion† ( Coates, 1993, p. 116). The more frequent use of hedges can be a sign of possible women  ´s markers of hesitation based on some stereotypes again as showing of certainty or confidence during  conversation could be viewed as less feminine. This stereotype about women  ´s hesitation for the purpose to be feminine correlates also with another component of conversation, tag questions. 3.2.3 Asking questions, tag questions Concerning the question usage during a discussion, it is known that women often ask questions to keep conversation in process. As Holmes says, they usually ask â€Å"supportive elicitations† (Holmes, 1995, p. 43) to manifest interest and get deeper into a topic. The author continues and points out: â€Å"While women elicit more questions in private conversations, men tend to ask more queries in formal and public contexts† (Holmes, 1995, p 39). The reason why men use more questions in public places could be that they incline to be dominant in public as they are 5 generally more aggressive than women. Women differ from men also in the frequency of using tag questions. Preisler claims that â€Å"women use tag questions more often than men† ( Preisler qtd. in Coates, 1993, p. 119). 3.2.4. Topics of conversations As it was already mentioned, certain topics that are called  ´trivial ´ , such as relationships, family etc., are often applied to women and topics considered to be serious, such as politics, cars, technology, etc. are related to men ´s conversation. According to Coates (1993), for women an conversation serves for the purpose to share problems, consolidate relationships, gain experience or to offer support. On the other hand, for men an conversation means a source of information, giving advice and presenting knowledge. This different expectation very often leads to miscommunication between men and women. The linguistic differences between men and women can be represented also in personal advertisement. The style of personal ads reflects women ´s desires and ideas about men as well as men ´s wishes and needs concerning the opposite sex. 6 IV. PRACTICAL PART The practical part of the paper research will focus on the analysis of women ´s and men ´s advertisements, gender differences from the perspective of self- and partner-description, using hedges and talkativeness. 1. Methodology The sociolinguistic analysis was applied on the material of 40 personal advertisements presented on the web page www.datingdirect.co.uk that belong to the UK  ´s largest dating services. The corpus consists of 20 women ´s and 20 men ´s advertisements that were under a sociolinguistic analysis. The personal ads were chosen randomly. The age of respondents was between 35 and 45 including. All of the respondents came from Great Britain. Texts of all advertisements that underwent the analysis can be found in Appendix 1. 2. Analysis and results 2.1 Graphical arrangement of online personal advertisements The overall graphical arrangement of online personal advertisements on the web page www.datingdirect.co.uk is as follows: a) prescribed items with only one choice from the list, e.g. : relationship status, occupation, body type, height, hair colour, eyes, children, personality, country/residence, smoking, date of birth, education, ethnicity, I live†¦, my style, appearance, my best feature, political view, religion, romance, etc.; b) prescribed items with a multiple choice from the list, e.g.: entertainment, interests, sports, my taste in music, my favourite films, my pets, etc. ; c) prescribed partner ´s description with a multiple choice from the list, e.g.: relationship status, children, body type, personality, smoking, views on marriage, ethnicity, nationality, appearance, height, weight, hair, eyes, style, best features, education, occupation, religion, political view, interests, sports, films, income, etc.; d) fr ee-production part that is limited to maximum of 2000 characters, and where respondents write more about themselves and the partners they are looking for; this is the most important part of the personal advertisements as it serves as a material for the research paper sociolinguistic analysis. 7 There is also possibility to add photos on the web page. 2.2. Self – description of appearance 2.2.1. Women Focusing on the description of appearance, only six women depict their appearance (ads No. 1,2,4,5,7,20). As it is obvious from Figure 1, majority of the women (5 of them) put  emphasis on their overall impression rather than on describing single parts of their appearance. The words that are used for that purpose are: sexy (used 2 times); attractive (used one time); fit (used 2 times); pretty (used one time). Two women put emphasis on their hair. Both use the word blonde. Only one woman describes her eyes by using the expression blue eyed. In only two ads an emphasis is put on figure, which is described with the words curvy and slim. There is only one advertisement (advertisement No.7) where a woman depicts all categories which are mentioned above. â€Å"I am a pretty blue eyed blonde, slim†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Generally considered, women do not put great emphasis on descri bing their own appearance. Majority of the women, that is 13 of them, do not mention their appearance at all. Although we predicted that the appearance is considered to be significant for women to attract men  ´s attention, this prediction is not proved. 2.2.2. Men Concerning the description of their appearance, the men do not put a great emphasis on their appearance. Only four of them (ads No. 2,7,8,11) try to catch women  ´s attention by focusing on their look. They use adjectives good looking (1 time) and handsome (1 time) for describing of their overall appearance; expressions athletic (1 time) and in good shape (1 time) for their figure. As it can be obvious from the Figure 1, the men absolutely do not put an emphasis on their eyes or hair. One of the advertisements (No 9) is special concerning the way how a man describes himself. He chooses a totally different way how to attract a women  ´s attention. He does not say whether he is â€Å"handsome† or â€Å"ugly†. The author of this advertisement probably wants to stay mysterious as for his appearance and so to awaken a women  ´s interest: â€Å"I am no George Cloony but am not a Frank Galliger either† Generally considered, as we previously predicted, the men do not seem to put a greater emphasis on their appearance. 8 2.2.3. Differences in self – description of the appearance 80% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 70% 25% 10% 10% 10% 10% 0% 0% 5% women men Figure 1: Comparison of women ´s and men ´s self-description of their appearance Dealing with the appearance, Figure 1 illustrates the fact that neither women  nor men put emphasis on their own appearance. 70 % of the women and 80 % of the men do not describe their look at all. This fact does not correspond with the stereotype that appearance is very important for women. 2.3. Description of partner  ´s appearance 2.3.1. Women Concerning the description of partner’s appearance, only four women depict how their ideal partner should look like. They use general adjectives, such as attractive (used in No. 17); tall (used in No.16); handsome; and young-looking (both used in No 18). One woman puts emphasis on the partner  ´s eyes, as she uses expression attractive eyes (No 1) , and one women is even more specific in her description of an ideal partner as she writes :†¦. taller men, with nice teeth, 34/36 waist ( in No 16). An overall majority of the women (16 of them) do not mention their ideal partner  ´s appearance at all. 2.3.2. Men At the beginning of the analysis we assumed man will emphasise the appearance of their ideal partners. However; the analysis shows that only two men concentrate on the women ´s look. Those men who mention appearance of their partner use general adjectives such as attractive and slim: I am looking for someone slim and attractive (No 12); †¦someone †¦that†¦is attractive†¦(No 1) The rest of the men do not mention the women  ´s look at all. It seems men prefer other qualities rather than appearance of their ideal partners. 2.3.3. Differences in partner-description of the appearance 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 90% 80% 5% 10% 10% 0% 5% 0% 0% 5% women men Figure 2: Comparison of women ´s and men  ´s partner appearance description Focusing on the description of the ideal partner ´s appearance, the results are very similar in both groups. 80% of the women and 90% of the men do not mention how their ideal partner should look like at all. The stereotype that men emphasise the women  ´s appearance is not proved. 2.4. Self- description of qualities and personality 2.4.1. Women When creating a personal advertisement, to mention people ´s positive qualities seems to be a very important part. It is a useful way how to easily draw a potential partner ´s  attention. The authors of personal ads do it by various means, however; the most common is using adjectives that help to describe human qualities clearly and briefly. In the advertisements the women use a wide range of adjectives to depict their qualities and personality in the best way. More than 40 adjectives have been used for this purpose. The adjectives are divided into several groups expressing the same element of character: sense of humour; feminity; i ntellect; emancipation; moral qualities; social qualities; success; and others. Figure 3: Women  ´s description of their qualities and personality To compare description of appearance with the description of qualities and personality, only one woman do not put emphasis on description of her personality. It is obvious this part of personal ads is significant for the women. The most important qualities are those belonging to the categories of emancipation, sense of humour and feminity. Concerning the category of success that is connected with a good job, owning a car, or a house, the women to describe themselves as being successful do not use adjectives, but other expressions, such as †¦ I work hard, own my house and car †¦(No 10); †¦ I have a great job in advertising and media which I love. I work hard and long hours, †¦(No 12); or †¦ I have my own home car and good job so i am looking for the same(No16). 2.4.2. Men Focusing on men  ´s qualities and personalities, the men use approximately the same range of vocabulary as the women. They use more than 40 adjectives for the purpose to describe themselves from the point of personal qualities. Again, the adjectives are divided into several groups according to their meaning (see Appendix 3). The  following categories were possible to create: sense of humour; affectionate; intellect; moral qualities; social qualities; success; masculinity; others. Figure 4: Men  ´s description of their qualities and personality As it is obvious from the Figure 4, the vast majority, even 75% of the men, put emphasis on their success. This category includes not only adjectives, however other expressions, such as mentioning their profession, a successful career, owning a company, a car or a house:.. .i own a small yet busy painting and dec firm. .of which ive been doing for 15years now (No 4); I have a successful professional career that I enjoy (No 7); I own a plumbing and heating company (No 10); I have a couple of jobs firstly I head up an International Charity†¦(No 11); I have a fantastic job, Im financially solvent and I own my home own, which is located within a beautiful part of Wales (No 11). The men put great emphasis not only on their success; however they stress also such qualities that belong to the category  ´affectionate ´- even 55% of the men, which is very surprising. Six of the men depict themselves as caring, five of them as romantic, or three as hearted. By contrast, personal quali ties that are part of the group  ´masculinity ´ appear only in seven ads, which is 35%. 2.4.3. Differences in self-description of the personal qualities Concerning the qualities, some considerable differences have been found between men and women (see Figure 5). As it was predicted at the beginning of the analysis, women do not stress their success at all. It seems to be unimportant for them when they try to attract potential partners. Surprisingly, the women attach importance to the personal qualities that are part of the category  ´emancipation ´. They describe themselves as adventurous, confident, hardworking, down-to-earth, independent, or even strong. The women emphasise also their feminity. It is in 12 contrast with the appearance that the women consider being not so relevant for catching men ´s attention. They apparently try to attract more men by typical women ´s qualities as they depict themselves as feminine, warm, sensual, passionate, and caring. The women are may be persuaded that men desire to have such a women alongside. Unlike the women, the men put great emphasis on their success. For the men being successful seems to be rather significant for attracting an ideal partner. On the other hand, they do not stress their masculinity; however emphasise the qualities that soften their personality. Probably, they want to approach a women  ´s ideal of the perfect partner. As it was previously discussed in the theoretical part, the authors of personal ads write their text and use such a vocabulary to be in harmony with what is preferred by their readers. The men present elements of their identities that are supposed to be most important to finding partners. It can be an explanation why even 55% of the men stress the qualities belonging to the category  ´affectionate ´. 2.5. Use of hedges As it was already discussed in the theoretical part of this paper, hedges are markers of hesitation and uncertainty. MiÃ… ¡Ã… ¡ikovà ¡ offers another explanations of hedges: â€Å"†¦hedging is the qualification and toning-down of utterances†¦in order to reduce the riskiness of what one says† ( 13 Wales qtd. in Topics in Linguistics, 2007, p. 76 ), or hedges are â€Å" linguistic expressions that enable the speaker to avoid being too direct in her/his utterance† ( Watts qtd. in Topics in Linguistics, 2007, p. 76 . Mentioned previously, according to gender stereotypes, more frequent use of hedges is typical for woman speech. Concerning frequency of hedge using, the analysis of the personal ads shows following results: total number of elements in ads 2170 Men  ´s ads 3655 Women  ´s ads Figure 6: Number of hedges As it can be seen in the Figure 6, our analysis confirmed the gender stereotype that women use hedges in their utterances more frequently than men. While the women use the hedge expressions in every single advertisement, eight men do not use them at all. Average number of hedges per one women ´ s advertisement is 4,95 and per men ´s only 1,85. Probably, the women use them not to look very direct or confident. By showing certain degree of uncertainty (with the use of hedges), they try to express their feminine identities. 2.6. Talkativeness The theoretical part of the research paper discussed cultural and linguistic stereotype concerning talkativeness. In many societies, it is taken for granted women talk more than men. The analysis of the chosen personal advertisements reveals that the number of elements per advertisement is 182,75 in the women  ´s ads and the total number of elements is 3655, which is more than in the men  ´s ads, where the number of elements per advertisement is 108,5 and the overall amount of elements is 2170. The longest woman ´s advertisement has 354 elements (No 3), the shortest 76 elements (No 7). Surprisingly, the longest man ´s ad has 376 (No 11) elements, which is more by 22 elements than in the longest woman  ´s ad. The  shortest man ´s advertisement has only 33 elements (No 20). Although the analysis finds out that the women use more words, the number of the advertisements under analysis is not sufficient to be able to prove definitely the general myth that women are more talkative than men. V. CONCLUSION The aim of this research paper was to analyse men ´s and women ´s personal advertisements from the sociolinguistic viewpoint and to find out whether there are considerable differences between genders. Because personal advertisements are written by both sexes, the research paper tries to explore how language relates to gender and how stereotyped assumptions and beliefs are reflected in the text of online personal advertisements. The research paper dealt with 40 personal advertisements presented via the medium of the Internet. It concentrated on the issues of talkativeness and use of hedges from the perspective of gender stereotypes. The presumptions stated at the beginning of the analysis were proved as the research explored that the women used hedges more frequently than the men, as well as they were more talkative than the men. The supposition that men emphasise success in their self – description in order to attract potential partners was also proved. However; they do not stressed the appearance of their partners at  all. For the women, neither success nor their appearance and appearance of their partners were important. On the other hand, the women put greater emphasis on their personal qualities. To sum it up, the men and the women differed in their language. Some of the common beliefs and myths were proved, some not. In order to attract attention of a potential partner, both sexes probably varied they language according the expectations of the opposite gender. The extent of this research paper, as well as the number of the advertisements under the analysis did not allow going deeper into language of men ´s and women ´s advertisements. It was not possible to explore and analyse all the differences. However; this research paper can serve as an idea or a source for further research of personal advertisements. There is a great amount of issues which could be studied, such as gender differences in sentence structure or structure of  personal ads; differences in using formal, informal language; differences in doing grammar or spelling mistakes; way of self – identification; differences in intended relationships; way of opening and invitation for respond; use of abbreviations, emoticons; idiomatic and collocative expressions; and others.

gatjay Failure of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald :: Great Gatsby Essays

Failure of Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby A society naturally breaks up into various social groups over time. Members of lower statuses constantly suppose that their problems will be resolved if they gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many interpret the American Dream as being this passage to high social status and, once reaching that point, not having to concern about money at all. Though, the American Dream involves more than the social and economic standings of an individual. The dream involves attaining a balance between the spiritual strength and the physical strength of an individual. Jay Gatsby, of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, fails to reach his ultimate dream of love for Daisy in that he chooses to pursue it by engaging in a lifestyle of high class. Gatsby realizes that life of the high class demands wealth to become priority; wealth becomes his superficial goal overshadowing his quest for love. He establishes his necessity to acquire wealth, which allows him to be with Daisy. The social elite of Gatsby's time sacrifice morality in order to attain wealth. Tom Buchanan, a man from an "enormously wealthy" family, seems to Nick to have lost all sense of being kind (Fitzgerald 10). Nick describes Tom's physical attributes as a metaphor for his true character when remarking that Tom had a "hard mouth and a supercilious manner...arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face...always leaning aggressively forward...a cruel body...[h]is speaking voice...added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed" (Fitzgerald 11). The wealth Tom has inherited causes him to become arrogant and condescending to others, while losing his morals. Rather than becoming immoral from wealth as Tom has, Gatsby engages in criminal activ ity as his only path to being rich. His need for money had become so great that he "was in the drug business" (Fitzgerald 95). Furthermore, he lies to Nick about his past in order to cover up his criminal activity. Gatsby claims to others that he has inherited his wealth, but Nick discovers "[h]is parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people" (Fitzgerald 104). Gatsby enters a world where money takes precedence over moral integrity. Materialism has already overshadowed a portion of his spiritual side. A quest for true love is doomed for failure in the presence of immorality. Once wealth has taken priority over integrity, members of the high social class focus on immediate indulgences, rather than on long-term pleasures of life such as love.

Positive nonverbal messages Essay

From the way we dress to the way we move, our nonverbal signals can reveal a great deal about our emotions, perceptions and intentions. When a person is talking or listening, he sends continuous messages consciously or unconsciously through his body movements, such as the way he holds his head, the angle at which he hold his body, his movements of limbs and his changing facial expressions. This kind of communication in which no verbal language is used comes under the category of non verbal communication. According to Knapp & Hall (2002) non verbal communication refers to communication that is produced by some means other than words, e. g. , eye contact, body language or vocal cues. The significance of nonverbal communication, in establishing interpersonal relationships, is far greater than any one can think of. According to experts, a substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal. On the basis of its effect nonverbal communication can be classified under following three categories. 1. POSITIVE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION – Positive nonverbal messages puts the other person at ease. When a person expresses an open and positive attitude towards the person with whom he is interacting, it creates a supportive and collaborative atmosphere. Use of positive non-verbal communication helps a person to become more effective and successful. It significantly affects the level of interpersonal relationship. It also determines the overall impression people form about a person. There are several types of positive non verbal indicators. For example turning face to the sender, leaning slightly forward towards him indicate that he is interested. , Nodding to express understanding, smiling or touching the person gently are other types of positive non verbal cues. The eye contact is most effective non verbal cue to achieve the goal of gaining someone’s trust. The way one uses his body and limbs, his eyes and face, will have a major influence on how his non verbal messages are perceived. 2. NEGATIVE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION – Sometimes non verbal body movements, gestures and facial expressions generate disinterest & distrust. It creates a state of confusion on the part of the receiver. The type of communication which comes under the above category is known as negative nonverbal communication. Negative nonverbal messages hampers collaborative and supportive environment. To ensure effective communication one must avoid giving such type of cues. Staring or gazing at other can create pressure and tension between the receiver and the sender. Negative facial expression, shifty eyes, too much blinking suggest deception Eyebrow muscle draws the eyebrows down and toward the center of the face if someone is annoyed. Talking to someone without maintaining the eye contact is distracting and often interpreted as insulting. If a person keeps talking on phone or keeps working on the computer during the conversation, it shows that he is not interested. 3. NEUTRAL NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION –This is the type of nonverbal communication which have neither positive or negative effect on the receiver. The type of body movements , postures and tone which have neutral effect on the receivers feelings and emotions comes under this category. It is very difficult to label any non verbal cue as neutral. People attach meaning even to a neutral message. During listening one rarely can stay silent for long, silence in some instances may be treated as neutral non verbal communication. If it lasts more than for 5-6 seconds then it turns into a negative cue. Sounds like ‘Mmm’, ‘Ah’ and ‘Hmmm’ when used in a neutral way invite learner to continue talking. CONCLUSION – Sending clear nonverbal messages and understanding correctly the message send by someone, largely depends upon the way how you are perceiving the total situation, and the person with whom you are communicating. Your mind set and the environment in which the communication is taking place also determine how you interpret and react to the non verbal messages. Interpretation of the messages depends upon past experiences,feelings, attitude and socio cultural background of the receiver. Communication can be misperceived if the source and the receiver does not share common experiences and common frame of reference. REFERENCES Knapp,M. L & Hall, J. A (2002) Non Verbal Communication in Human Interaction, Crawfordsville, IN : Thompson Learning Smith,T. E, & Gartin B. C, Murdick, N. L, &Hilton,A (2006) : Positive Indicator Of Non Verbal Communication Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall retrieved on 13th May,2010 Windle,R & Warren, S Communication Skills retrieved on 13th May 2010 from http://www. directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm